Chapter #19 Solutions - Physical Science with Modern Applications - Melvin Merken - 5th Edition

 

1. What does it mean to say that a nucleus is radioactive? Get solution

2. What does the atomic number, Z, of a nucleus represent? Get solution

3. What does the mass number, A, of a nucleus represent? Get solution

4. Define (a) nucleon; (b) nuclide. Get solution

5. (a) How do the isotopes of an element differ? (b) How are they similar? Get solution

6. Give a nuclear symbol for each of the following.(a) an alpha particle(b) a beta particle(c) a proton(d) a neutron(e) a positron Get solution

7. Indicate the number of protons and the number of neutrons in each of the following nuclides.(a) ...(b) ...(c) ... Get solution

8. Predict which isotope is more stable.... or ... Get solution

9. Which isotope would you expect to be radioactive?... or ... Get solution

10. How does β-emission from a nucleus affect the number of (a) neutrons? (b) protons? Get solution

11. Beryllium-9 has a mass of 9.01219 u. Calculate its binding energy per nucleon. Get solution

12. How can an electron (a β-particle) be emitted from a nucleus when it is thought that the nucleus is composed only of nucleons? Get solution

13. What are the steps in balancing nuclear equations? Get solution

14. What name is given to the elements with atomic numbers greater than 92? Get solution

15. Complete the following nuclear equations.(a) ...(b) ...(c) ...(d) ...(e) ... Get solution

16. Copper-66 decays by β-emission. Write the nuclear equation. Get solution

17. Nobelium-254 has been produced by the bombardment of curium-246 with carbon-12 nuclei. Four neutrons are released in the process. Write the balanced nuclear equation. Get solution

18. Write equations for the following induced nuclear reactions. The first symbol stands for the target nuclide. In parentheses, the symbol of the projectile particle is followed by the symbol of the ejected particle. The last symbol stands for the product nuclide.(a) ...(b) ...(c) ...(d) ... Get solution

19. Gold can be obtained from ... by neutron bombardment. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. Get solution

20. The half-fife of strontium-90 is 25 years. What does this mean? Get solution

21. Carbon from an ax handle discovered in an archaeological “dig” is only one half as radioactive as the carbon from the handle of a new ax. How old is the artifact? Get solution

22. Iodine-131, used in the form of sodium iodide to treat cancer of the thryoid, has a half-life of 8.05 days. If 25.0 mg of radioactive Na131I is administered, how many milligrams remain after about a month (32.2 days)? Get solution

23. Why does an ancient cloth artifact contain less ... than a recent article made of similar materials? Get solution

24. Radioactive technetium-99 is used in bone scans and has a half-life of 6.0 hours. What fraction of a dose of ... remains in a patient’s body after 2.0 days? Get solution

25. Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of fission reactors as an energy source. Get solution

26. In what form is energy obtained from a nuclear reactor? Get solution

27. Why is it that chain reactions do not occur in natural deposits of uranium? Get solution

28. Why is the chance of a nuclear reactor’s exploding like a bomb remote? Explain. Get solution

29. What becomes of the “mass-defect” in fission and fusion? Get solution

30. Beryllium-9 has a mass of 9.01219 u. Calculate its binding energy per nucleon. Get solution

31. What does a “breeder” reactor breed? Why is this significant? Get solution

32. In a nuclear reaction, tritium ... and deuterium ... fuse into helium-4 with the release of a neutron and 17.6 MeV as follows:...Calculate the mass defect of this reaction in atomic mass units (u). Get solution

33. In a fission reactor, nuclear reactions produce heat to drive a turbine generator. How is this heat produced? Get solution

34. What is meant by meltdown? Get solution

35. Why is a fission bomb (called an A-bomb) needed to start a hydrogen bomb (H-bomb)? Get solution

36. How does E = mc2 apply in (a) fission and (b) fusion? Get solution

37. Discuss the controversy surrounding “cold” fusion experiments. Get solution

38. Multiple ChoiceA. Radioactivity is caused by(a) too many isotopes.(b) short half-lives.(c) gamma radiation.(d) unstable nuclei.B. Which of the following detects radioactivity?(a) atomic pile(b) Geiger-Mueller counter(c) cyclotron(d) plasmaC. The smallest amount of fissionable material that will support a self-sustaining chain reaction is called the(a) isotopic weight.(b) atomic weight.(c) critical mass.(d) mass number.D. The fission of uranium-235 nuclei is initiated by(a) electrons.(b) protons.(c) neutrons.(d) gamma rays.E. The energy obtained from nuclear reactions comes from(a) explosions.(b) helium being converted to hydrogen.(c) radioactive decay of uranium.(d) conversion of mass to energy.F. Naturally occurring radioactive isotopes(a) must have very long half-fives.(b) must have very short half-lives.(c) can have either very long or very short half-lives.(d) do not exist.G. A cyclotron is used to(a) accelerate neutrons.(b) separate the isotopes of an element.(c) accelerate charged particles.(d) increase the decay rate of a radioactive substance.H. Transuranium elements(a) are made by nuclear fusion.(b) result from natural radioactive decay.(c) have atomic numbers greater than 92.(d) occur in nature.I. Thermonuclear reactions(a) are fission reactions.(b) are fusion reactions.(c) are due to radioactivity.(d) are impossible on earth.J. A “breeder” reaction is one in which(a) neutrons are produced.(b) a fusion reaction occurs.(c) a nonfissionable nuclide is converted into a fissionable one.(d) electrical energy is produced. Get solution